Saint Gothic Designs

Cake Moon Magazine X Dark Chocolate


by: Wish Fire

Saint Gothic


Cake Moon Magazine X Dark Chocolate
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Steel meets spirit. Towa forges what only fate can wield. #TowaGame
3 days to go before the release of Towa and the Guardians of the Sacred Tree. Pre-order at http://playtowa.com.
Illustration: Shuhei Nomura (Brownies)
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https://livemu.sc/cardib
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NASA has earned a spot on The Webby 30, a list of 30 companies and organizations that have shaped the digital landscape: https://go.nasa.gov/3K6235y
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From the 17th century, coal miners (colliers) and salt workers (salters) in Lowland Scotland were bound to employers for life under laws like the 1606 Act of the Scottish Parliament. Children inherited this status, resembling chattel slavery but without racial basis.
In early medieval Scotland (pre-12th century), Norse and Gaelic societies used thralls (slaves), often war captives or debtors, for labor or domestic service. This declined with Christianization and feudalism
Unlike the race-based chattel slavery in the Americas (e.g., African slavery in the U.S., ~10 million affected, as per your earlier question) or the caste-based servitude in India (~11.8–13.9 million in modern slavery),
Scotland’s experience included feudal servitude, indentured labor, and economic reliance on slavery
Enslaved Indians (e.g., from Malabar, Bengal) worked on plantations or as domestics.
Dalits and tribal groups faced hereditary bondage.
Mughal Empire (1526–1857): Slavery continued, with captives from wars or raids (e.g., Central Asian campaigns) and debt bondage. Eunuchs and female slaves served in harems; male slaves worked in agriculture or as soldiers.
Delhi Sultanate rulers enslaved war captives, especially Hindus, during conquests. Slaves worked as soldiers (ghulam), artisans, or concubines. The slave market in Delhi was significant, with prices recorded (e.g., 10–20 dinars for a laborer).
Buddhist texts describe Dasas as transferable property, though some could earn freedom.
Elite households kept slaves for personal service, often women for domestic or sexual roles.
War Captives: Conquered groups were enslaved, especially under Mauryan (322–185 BCE) and Gupta (320–550 CE) empires. Slaves (dasa) worked as domestics, laborers, or concubines.
Peasants and laborers often became bonded to repay loans, a practice mentioned in Vedic texts and Buddhist Jatakas.
The varna and jati (caste) systems, codified in texts like the Manusmriti (c. 200 BCE–200 CE), placed Shudras (laborers) and Dasas (servants/slaves) at the bottom, often bound to serve higher castes
While not always “slavery” in the modern sense, Shudras and outcastes (Dalits) faced hereditary labor obligations.
These systems were shaped by economic needs (e.g., agriculture, trade), social hierarchies (e.g., caste), and colonial exploitation. While formal slavery was outlawed in the 19th century, bonded labor and modern slavery persist.
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Slavery in India was not always akin to the race-based, lifelong chattel slavery of the Americas. Instead, it took diverse forms, including debt bondage, caste-based labor, domestic servitude, and forced labor under various ruler
India’s systems of bondage were complex, often tied to caste, debt, and regional power structures. These included traditional forms of servitude, colonial-era exploitation, and modern forms of bonded labor
India’s history of slavery and servitude spans millennia, shaped by its diverse social, economic, and political systems. Unlike the chattel slavery of the transatlantic trade or the serfdom prevalent in Eastern Europe
Modern: High xenophobia per 1999–2008 surveys; anti-Ukrainian sentiment spiked with 2022 refugee influx (~1.5 million), with stereotypes of “cheap workers” or “job-stealers.” Politicians like Grzegorz Braun fuel anti-Ukrainian rhetoric.
Anti-Russian bias is strong due to history/invasion, but less “racist” than xenophobic. (Poland)
Post-WWII, Poland expelled ~1.5 million Germans and suppressed Ukrainian minorities (e.g., 1947 Operation Vistula deported ~140,000 Ukrainians to break UPA resistance).
Soviet-era Russification oppressed Poles alongside Ukrainians, suppressing Polish culture in western Ukraine (former Polish territories).
Volhynia Massacres (1943): Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) killed ~50,000–120,000 Poles in ethnic cleansing, retaliating against historical Polonization; Poles view it as genocide.
Under Russian/Soviet rule, Ukraine was a site of Polish oppression: e.g., 1930s Great Purge killed/deported thousands of Polish intellectuals/minorities.
Soviet deportations (1937–1938) targeted Poles in Ukraine/Belarus as “enemies,” causing ~30% population loss in Polish communities; seen as ethnic cleansing.
Russification policies (from Catherine II) banned Polish language/education, converted Uniate churches to Orthodoxy (~3,500 in Ukraine under Russia), and portrayed Poles as “hostile” oppressors of Orthodox Ukrainians
After the 1772–1795 Partitions of Poland, Russia annexed ~60% of Polish lands, deporting ~100,000–165,000 Poles (1930s Soviet era alone) via NKVD Order No. 00485, which aimed to “completely destroy” Poles as a group.
Oppression often meant forced assimilation, deportations, and cultural suppression, especially during imperial and Soviet eras. Poles, as a Catholic, Western-oriented group, were frequent targets in Russian/Ukrainian territories.
All three had serfdom as a tool of noble/state control, but Russia’s was the most repressive and late-abolished, affecting ~50% of its population. In Polish territories, it oppressed Ukrainian peasants under Polish lords, breeding resentment.
The 1791 Constitution promised protections, but partitions halted reforms.
In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, it dominated peasant-noble relations, affecting Catholic Poles and Orthodox Ruthenians (proto-Ukrainians/Belarusians).
Poland:
Serfdom emerged in the 15th century with noble estates (folwarks) for grain export; the 1496 Piotrków Statutes marked its start, requiring 1–6 days/week corvée by the 18th century.
Abolished in 1861 alongside Russia, but southern Ukraine saw late-19th-century influxes of serfs fleeing bondage. Cossack traditions resisted full enserfment, fostering a legacy of anti-serfdom sentiment.
After Russian annexation (late 18th century), Russian serfdom was imposed, expanding from the core empire; it was absent in medieval Ukraine but arrived via Russification.
Ukraine:
Under Polish-Lithuanian rule (14th–18th centuries), serfdom developed in “belts”: heavy corvée (4–6 days/week) in western Ukraine (Volhynia), lighter in central areas, and minimal in steppe regions due to Tatar raids and Cossack mobility
Ethnic impact: Many serfs were Slavic (including Poles in annexed territories), but the system fueled class oppression across groups.
Abolished in 1861 by Tsar Alexander II’s Emancipation Reform, driven by fears of revolt, military needs, and economic pressures. It persisted longer than in Western Europe due to sparse population, frontier expansion, and state enforcement
By 1857, ~23.1 million private serfs existed (nearly half the population), owned by nobles and tied to land; they could be sold separately after 1700, resembling slavery.
Serfdom began in the 12th century with bonded peasants (zakups) and corvée labor, formalized in the 1649 Law Code under Tsar Alexis, which banned peasant migration. (Russia)
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Abolition came unevenly in the 19th century amid revolutions and reforms.
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Serfdom originated in medieval Europe but intensified in Eastern Europe due to grain export economies and noble privileges. It bound peasants (often ethnically diverse) to estates, limiting mobility and enforcing unpaid labor.
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Unlike historical slavery, modern slavery is not centralized in one region or economy but embedded in global supply chains, informal sectors, and illicit markets.
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Regional Breakdown:

• Asia-Pacific: ~15 million (highest due to population and weak regulations).

• Africa: ~3.7 million (conflict zones and descent-based slavery).

• Americas: ~3.5 million (includes U.S., ~100,000–300,000 minors at risk of sex trafficking).
• Europe: ~1.8 million (trafficking and forced labor in agriculture, construction).

• Economic Impact: Generates ~$150 billion annually for exploiters (ILO, 2014, adjusted for inflation).
Total: ~40.3 million people in modern slavery, though estimates vary (some NGOs suggest up to 50 million).

Descent-Based Slavery: Rare but persistent in parts of West Africa (e.g., Mauritania), where people are born into slavery based on caste or ethnicity.
Child Slavery: Children forced into labor, soldiering, or sexual exploitation. (~5.7 million children in slavery-like conditions)
Debt Bondage: Workers trapped by debts they cannot repay, often inherited or inflated by employers. Common in South Asia (e.g., brick kilns in India). (~8–10 million victim)
The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that, as of 2021, ~4.1 million people are victims of forced sexual exploitation worldwide, part of the broader 25 million in forced labor and modern slavery.
These captives faced harsh labor (e.g., galley slaves, construction), though some were ransomed or integrated into Muslim societies. This differed from chattel slavery in the Americas, as it was not race-based or hereditary.
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The 1631 Sack of Baltimore saw ~100 Irish villagers enslaved, a notable but small example.
Historian Robert Davis (Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters, 2003) estimates 1–1.25 million Europeans were enslaved by Barbary corsairs between 1500 and 1800, including Italians, Spanish, English, and Irish.
North African (Barbary) corsairs enslaved Europeans captured from ships or coastal raids, primarily for ransom or labor in the Ottoman Empire or North Africa. Irish coastal villages (e.g., Baltimore in 1631) were targeted.
By the 19th century, Australia received ~40,000 Irish convicts (out of 162,000 total) under Britain’s penal transportation system (1788–1868).
The Irish were targeted due to Catholic resistance to English rule. The Cromwellian deportations sent men, women, and children to work on plantations, often alongside African slaves.
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The English government deported Irish and other European undesirables (vagrants, prisoners, political rebels) to colonies as forced laborers. This was common during the English Civil War and after Irish rebellions.
Unlike African chattel slavery, indentured servants could theoretically gain freedom, though many died before completing contracts, and some faced extended terms or re-enslavement under abusive masters.
Conditions were brutal, with mortality rates in the Caribbean as high as 50–70% due to disease, overwork, and malnutrition, leading some to equate this with “temporary slavery.”
Some sources, like Sean O’Callaghan’s To Hell or Barbados (2000), claim up to 80,000 Irish were sent to the West Indies alone.
During Oliver Cromwell’s conquest of Ireland (1649–1653), ~50,000–100,000 Irish prisoners, rebels, or poor Catholics were forcibly sent to the Caribbean (e.g., Barbados, Jamaica) and North America as indentured servants or penal laborers.
Overview: Many poor Europeans, including Irish, English, Scottish, and others, entered indentured servitude to pay for passage to the American colonies. These contracts typically lasted 4–7 years, during which servants worked under harsh conditions, often resembling slavery
These numbers underscore the generational trauma of U.S. slavery, which built wealth for white America while devastating African societies and families. For context, the total transatlantic trade affected 12.5–15 million Africans overall.
S. slavery had a near-balanced gender ratio, and enslaved women were often coerced into bearing children to expand the labor force—effectively treating births as “production” of more slaves.
An additional 60,000–70,000 Africans may have arrived indirectly via the Caribbean, bringing the total imports to around 450,000. Mortality during the Middle Passage (the voyage) was ~15–20%, so even fewer survived to reach U.S. shores.
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Slavery ended with the 13th Amendment in 1865, freeing all ~4 million remaining enslaved people.
This represents only about 3–4% of the total 12.5 million Africans shipped to the entire Americas during the transatlantic slave trade (1525–1866), with the vast majority (over 90%) going to the Caribbean and South America (e.g., Brazil received ~4.86 million).
Approximately 388,000 to 450,000 enslaved Africans were forcibly transported directly to the North American colonies that became the United States between 1619 and 1808 (when imports were banned).
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Key Report: 1892 Mercy Brown case (Rhode Island)—exhumed, heart burned after siblings died; reported in local papers as vampire prevention
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1725: Imperial report on Plogojowitz (9 victims); body staked after showing blood and no decay.
Description: In Ottoman Serbia, amid sporadic plague outbreaks, villagers reported vampires (e.g., Peter Plogojowitz, Arnold Paole) rising from graves to kill via blood-drinking or touch, mimicking plague transmission.
Exhumations revealed “fresh” bodies, leading to staking and burning.
It’s gruesome no one mentions it anymore???
Venice lost a third of its population; this is the earliest confirmed “vampire grave” from a plague site.
Key Report: Discovered in 2006 by Matteo Borrini (University of Florence); published in Archaeology magazine (2009). The brick was a folk “exorcism” for nachzehrer (chewing dead), believed to cause plagues from graves.
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Description: In a mass grave on Lazzaretto Nuovo island (a plague quarantine site), archaeologists found a female skeleton from the 1576 Venetian plague (killing ~46,000). A brick was jammed in her mouth
to prevent her, as a suspected strega (vampire-witch), from rising to eat the living and spread disease.
Vampirism lore emerged here, with the plague seen as a vampire curse.
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These beliefs peaked in Europe from the 14th to 18th centuries, with “vampire burials” (e.g., bricks or stones in mouths to prevent feeding) documented in plague contexts
The connection between vampire folklore and plague outbreaks, particularly the Black Death (1347–1351) and subsequent waves, stems from medieval superstitions about disease, decomposition, and the undead
the death toll ranged from 50 million to 100 million people across Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Asia. Some sources suggest a global death toll as high as 200 million when accounting for regions beyond Europe.
The plague’s impact varied by region, with some areas losing up to 60% of their population
The Black Death, which swept through Europe between 1346 and 1353, is estimated to have killed between 20% and 50% of Europe’s population
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